啟動(dong)電(dian)池又(you)稱起(qi)動(dong)型蓄(xu)電(dian)池，啟動(dong)電(dian)池是一種(zhong)專門用(yong)于摩擦車、車輛、船舶、燃(ran)油機和飛機起(qi)動(dong)、點(dian)火和照明的供(gong)電(dian)電(dian)源(yuan)。目前廣泛使用(yong)的是鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池，其發展(zhan)歷史已(yi)超百年，具有技術(shu)成熟可靠、資源(yuan)豐富(fu)、安全穩定等(deng)特點(dian)，電(dian)池組額定電(dian)壓一般為12V或24V，額定容量涵蓋(gai)36～210Ah，比(bi)能量為35～45Wh/kg(按20h放電(dian)率能量計(ji)(ji))。據工信部(bu)統(tong)計(ji)(ji)，2021年中國鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池產量約為23200萬kVAh，預計(ji)(ji)到2025年國內鉛(qian)(qian)蓄(xu)電(dian)池產量將達25000萬kVAh。其中起(qi)動(dong)型鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池占比(bi)最大，可達總(zong)產量的45%以(yi)上，預計(ji)(ji)2025年國內汽車起(qi)動(dong)電(dian)池市場(chang)規模有望達到330億(yi)元(yuan)，年復合(he)增長率約5%;而全球起(qi)動(dong)電(dian)池市場(chang)空間(jian)有望超1500億(yi)元(yuan)，年復合(he)增長率約2%。

在起(qi)動用(yong)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池領域，已建立了較為(wei)完(wan)善的標準體系(xi)，包括(kuo)國(guo)標和國(guo)軍(jun)標，如(ru)GB/T5008.1-2013《起(qi)動用(yong)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池第1部分：技(ji)術條件和試驗方法》、 GB/T 5008.2-2013《起(qi)動用(yong)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池 第2部分：產品(pin)品(pin)種規(gui)格和端子尺寸、標記》、 GJB516C-2020《軍(jun)用(yong)汽車(che)鉛酸蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池規(gui)范》等。

綜合分析看(kan)，起(qi)動電池核心關(guan)鍵性能指標包括寬溫域下的大(da)電流放電性能、循(xun)環壽命和安(an)全性能等。

相較于儲能領域的“鉛改鋰”浪潮，起動用鉛酸蓄電池還未開啟大規模鋰電替代模式，那為什么啟動電池還未進入“鉛改鋰”浪潮，采用寬溫高倍(bei)率磷酸鐵鋰電池呢?

01、普通磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)電池的低溫(wen)大(da)電流放電性能較差

這恰好是(shi)起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的關鍵技術指標之一(yi)(yi)。在(zai)(zai)前文提(ti)到的GB/T5008.1-2013中，關于低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)起動(dong)能力有(you)兩項試驗，其一(yi)(yi)是(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池完(wan)全充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)24h后，放(fang)(fang)(fang)置在(zai)(zai)帶(dai)有(you)空氣循環的低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)箱中于-18±1℃放(fang)(fang)(fang)置24h以(yi)(yi)上，取出后2min內(nei)以(yi)(yi)Icc(A)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)30s，記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)10s和(he)30s時(shi)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)10s端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)≥7.5V，30s端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)≥7.2V;另一(yi)(yi)項是(shi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池完(wan)全充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)24h后，放(fang)(fang)(fang)置在(zai)(zai)帶(dai)有(you)空氣循環的低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)箱中于-29±1℃放(fang)(fang)(fang)置24h以(yi)(yi)上，取出后2min內(nei)以(yi)(yi)Icc,L(A)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)30s，記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)10s和(he)30s時(shi)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)10s端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)≥7.5V，30s端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)≥7.2V。而在(zai)(zai)GJB516C-2020中，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池完(wan)全充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)24h后，放(fang)(fang)(fang)置在(zai)(zai)帶(dai)有(you)空氣循環的低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)箱中于-41±1℃放(fang)(fang)(fang)置24h以(yi)(yi)上，取出后2min內(nei)以(yi)(yi)0.6Icc(A)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)30s，記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)10s和(he)30s時(shi)的蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)10s端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)≥7.5V，30s端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)≥7.2V。常規鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)-18℃、-29℃、-41℃等低(di)(di)(di)溫(wen)下的放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)低(di)(di)(di)，并(bing)不能滿(man)足(zu)上述指標要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，因(yin)此限(xian)制了其在(zai)(zai)起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池領域的應用。

02、汽車給起動電池提供較大存放空間，對能量(liang)密度的要(yao)求不嚴格

從鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)更換(huan)為鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)后，需(xu)要配合改變(bian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的(de)一系(xi)列(lie)零部(bu)件(jian)，再加(jia)上(shang)鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)本身(shen)制造成(cheng)本就(jiu)稍(shao)高于鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，由(you)此導致的(de)成(cheng)本上(shang)升(sheng)使(shi)得(de)汽車廠商將起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)更換(huan)為鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)意(yi)(yi)愿(yuan)并不強烈(lie)。然而，鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)并不是(shi)未(wei)來起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)最佳選擇，其存(cun)在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間長、壽命短、能量密(mi)度(du)低(di)(di)、低(di)(di)溫(wen)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量低(di)(di)、自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)等(deng)諸多(duo)短板，“禁鉛令”的(de)發(fa)(fa)布(bu)也宣(xuan)告了(le)其前景的(de)終結。因此，起動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)領(ling)域(yu)需(xu)要找到一種(zhong)(zhong)綜合性(xing)能更優(you)的(de)方案。2021年9月24號，中國化(hua)(hua)學與物(wu)理電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)行業協(xie)(xie)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)布(bu)了(le)關于制定《鋰(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)12V車載低(di)(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系(xi)統》協(xie)(xie)會(hui)團體標準的(de)征求意(yi)(yi)見函(han)，意(yi)(yi)見函(han)提到汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)、智能化(hua)(hua)縱(zong)深發(fa)(fa)展，種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)繁多(duo)的(de)傳(chuan)感器、芯片的(de)加(jia)入，使(shi)原有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣架構日益(yi)乏力。首當其沖地(di)，12V鉛酸(suan)車載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)“吃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)”加(jia)大(da)，會(hui)進(jin)一步縮短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用(yong)壽命，放大(da)其大(da)倍(bei)率放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)能弱、重量大(da)等(deng)痛點，已(yi)不再適用(yong)于未(wei)來的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)、智能化(hua)(hua)汽車。

總之(zhi)，國內外車企(qi)已陸續開啟(qi)12V車載(zai)電(dian)(dian)源的鉛改(gai)鋰替(ti)代研究，可以預判寬溫高倍率磷酸鐵(tie)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)成為起(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)領域最有希望替(ti)代鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的技(ji)術(shu)方案。